# source:sasmodels/sasmodels/models/core_shell_parallelepiped.py@b297ba9

core_shell_microgelsmagnetic_modelticket-1257-vesicle-productticket_1156ticket_1265_superballticket_822_more_unit_tests
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1r"""
2Definition
3----------
4
5Calculates the form factor for a rectangular solid with a core-shell structure.
6The thickness and the scattering length density of the shell or "rim" can be
7different on each (pair) of faces. The three dimensions of the core of the
8parallelepiped (strictly here a cuboid) may be given in *any* size order as
9long as the particles are randomly oriented (i.e. take on all possible
10orientations see notes on 2D below). To avoid multiple fit solutions,
11especially with Monte-Carlo fit methods, it may be advisable to restrict their
12ranges. There may be a number of closely similar "best fits", so some trial and
13error, or fixing of some dimensions at expected values, may help.
14
15The form factor is normalized by the particle volume $V$ such that
16
17.. math::
18
19    I(q) = \frac{\text{scale}}{V} \langle P(q,\alpha,\beta) \rangle
20    + \text{background}
21
22where $\langle \ldots \rangle$ is an average over all possible orientations
23of the rectangular solid, and the usual $\Delta \rho^2 \ V^2$ term cannot be
24pulled out of the form factor term due to the multiple slds in the model.
25
26The core of the solid is defined by the dimensions $A$, $B$, $C$ here shown
27such that $A < B < C$.
28
29.. figure:: img/parallelepiped_geometry.jpg
30
31   Core of the core shell parallelepiped with the corresponding definition
32   of sides.
33
34
35There are rectangular "slabs" of thickness $t_A$ that add to the $A$ dimension
36(on the $BC$ faces). There are similar slabs on the $AC$ $(=t_B)$ and $AB$
37$(=t_C)$ faces. The projection in the $AB$ plane is
38
39.. figure:: img/core_shell_parallelepiped_projection.jpg
40
41   AB cut through the core-shell parallelipiped showing the cross secion of
42   four of the six shell slabs. As can be seen, this model leaves **"gaps"**
43   at the corners of the solid.
44
45
46The total volume of the solid is thus given as
47
48.. math::
49
50    V = ABC + 2t_ABC + 2t_BAC + 2t_CAB
51
52The intensity calculated follows the :ref:parallelepiped model, with the
53core-shell intensity being calculated as the square of the sum of the
54amplitudes of the core and the slabs on the edges. The scattering amplitude is
55computed for a particular orientation of the core-shell parallelepiped with
56respect to the scattering vector and then averaged over all possible
57orientations, where $\alpha$ is the angle between the $z$ axis and the $C$ axis
58of the parallelepiped, and $\beta$ is the angle between the projection of the
59particle in the $xy$ detector plane and the $y$ axis.
60
61.. math::
62
63    P(q)=\frac {\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\int_{0}^{\pi/2}F^2(q,\alpha,\beta) \ sin\alpha
64    \ d\alpha \ d\beta} {\int_{0}^{\pi/2} \ sin\alpha \ d\alpha \ d\beta}
65
66and
67
68.. math::
69
70    F(q,\alpha,\beta)
71    &= (\rho_\text{core}-\rho_\text{solvent})
72       S(Q_A, A) S(Q_B, B) S(Q_C, C) \\
73    &+ (\rho_\text{A}-\rho_\text{solvent})
74        \left[S(Q_A, A+2t_A) - S(Q_A, A)\right] S(Q_B, B) S(Q_C, C) \\
75    &+ (\rho_\text{B}-\rho_\text{solvent})
76        S(Q_A, A) \left[S(Q_B, B+2t_B) - S(Q_B, B)\right] S(Q_C, C) \\
77    &+ (\rho_\text{C}-\rho_\text{solvent})
78        S(Q_A, A) S(Q_B, B) \left[S(Q_C, C+2t_C) - S(Q_C, C)\right]
79
80with
81
82.. math::
83
84    S(Q_X, L) = L \frac{\sin (\tfrac{1}{2} Q_X L)}{\tfrac{1}{2} Q_X L}
85
86and
87
88.. math::
89
90    Q_A &= q \sin\alpha \sin\beta \\
91    Q_B &= q \sin\alpha \cos\beta \\
92    Q_C &= q \cos\alpha
93
94
95where $\rho_\text{core}$, $\rho_\text{A}$, $\rho_\text{B}$ and $\rho_\text{C}$
96are the scattering lengths of the parallelepiped core, and the rectangular
97slabs of thickness $t_A$, $t_B$ and $t_C$, respectively. $\rho_\text{solvent}$
98is the scattering length of the solvent.
99
100.. note::
101
102   the code actually implements two substitutions: $d(cos\alpha)$ is
103   substituted for -$sin\alpha \ d\alpha$ (note that in the
104   :ref:parallelepiped code this is explicitly implemented with
105   $\sigma = cos\alpha$), and $\beta$ is set to $\beta = u \pi/2$ so that
106   $du = \pi/2 \ d\beta$.  Thus both integrals go from 0 to 1 rather than 0
107   to $\pi/2$.
108
109FITTING NOTES
110~~~~~~~~~~~~~
111
112#. There are many parameters in this model. Hold as many fixed as possible with
113   known values, or you will certainly end up at a solution that is unphysical.
114
115#. The 2nd virial coefficient of the core_shell_parallelepiped is calculated
116   based on the the averaged effective radius $(=\sqrt{(A+2t_A)(B+2t_B)/\pi})$
117   and length $(C+2t_C)$ values, after appropriately sorting the three
118   dimensions to give an oblate or prolate particle, to give an effective radius
119   for $S(q)$ when $P(q) * S(q)$ is applied.
120
121#. For 2d data the orientation of the particle is required, described using
122   angles $\theta$, $\phi$ and $\Psi$ as in the diagrams below, where $\theta$
123   and $\phi$ define the orientation of the director in the laboratry reference
124   frame of the beam direction ($z$) and detector plane ($x-y$ plane), while
125   the angle $\Psi$ is effectively the rotational angle around the particle
126   $C$ axis. For $\theta = 0$ and $\phi = 0$, $\Psi = 0$ corresponds to the
127   $B$ axis oriented parallel to the y-axis of the detector with $A$ along
128   the x-axis. For other $\theta$, $\phi$ values, the order of rotations
129   matters. In particular, the parallelepiped must first be rotated $\theta$
130   degrees in the $x-z$ plane before rotating $\phi$ degrees around the $z$
131   axis (in the $x-y$ plane). Applying orientational distribution to the
132   particle orientation (i.e  jitter to one or more of these angles) can get
133   more confusing as jitter is defined **NOT** with respect to the laboratory
134   frame but the particle reference frame. It is thus highly recmmended to
135   read :ref:orientation for further details of the calculation and angular
136   dispersions.
137
138.. note:: For 2d, constraints must be applied during fitting to ensure that the
139   order of sides chosen is not altered, and hence that the correct definition
140   of angles is preserved. For the default choice shown here, that means
141   ensuring that the inequality $A < B < C$ is not violated,  The calculation
142   will not report an error, but the results may be not correct.
143
144.. figure:: img/parallelepiped_angle_definition.png
145
146    Definition of the angles for oriented core-shell parallelepipeds.
147    Note that rotation $\theta$, initially in the $x-z$ plane, is carried
148    out first, then rotation $\phi$ about the $z$ axis, finally rotation
149    $\Psi$ is now around the $C$ axis of the particle. The neutron or X-ray
150    beam is along the $z$ axis and the detecotr defines the $x-y$ plane.
151
152.. figure:: img/parallelepiped_angle_projection.png
153
154    Examples of the angles for oriented core-shell parallelepipeds against the
155    detector plane.
156
157
158Validation
159----------
160
161Cross-checked against hollow rectangular prism and rectangular prism for equal
162thickness overlapping sides, and by Monte Carlo sampling of points within the
163shape for non-uniform, non-overlapping sides.
164
165
166References
167----------
168
169.. [#] P Mittelbach and G Porod, *Acta Physica Austriaca*, 14 (1961) 185-211
170    Equations (1), (13-14). (in German)
171.. [#] D Singh (2009). *Small angle scattering studies of self assembly in
172   lipid mixtures*, Johns Hopkins University Thesis (2009) 223-225. Available
173   from Proquest <http://search.proquest.com/docview/304915826?accountid
174   =26379>_
175L. Onsager, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 51, 627-659 (1949).
176
177Authorship and Verification
178----------------------------
179
180* **Author:** NIST IGOR/DANSE **Date:** pre 2010
181* **Converted to sasmodels by:** Miguel Gonzalez **Date:** February 26, 2016
183* **Last Reviewed by:** Paul Butler **Date:** May 24, 2018 - documentation
184  updated
185"""
186
187import numpy as np
188from numpy import inf
189
190name = "core_shell_parallelepiped"
191title = "Rectangular solid with a core-shell structure."
192description = """
193     P(q)=
194"""
195category = "shape:parallelepiped"
196
197#             ["name", "units", default, [lower, upper], "type","description"],
198parameters = [["sld_core", "1e-6/Ang^2", 1, [-inf, inf], "sld",
199               "Parallelepiped core scattering length density"],
200              ["sld_a", "1e-6/Ang^2", 2, [-inf, inf], "sld",
201               "Parallelepiped A rim scattering length density"],
202              ["sld_b", "1e-6/Ang^2", 4, [-inf, inf], "sld",
203               "Parallelepiped B rim scattering length density"],
204              ["sld_c", "1e-6/Ang^2", 2, [-inf, inf], "sld",
205               "Parallelepiped C rim scattering length density"],
206              ["sld_solvent", "1e-6/Ang^2", 6, [-inf, inf], "sld",
207               "Solvent scattering length density"],
208              ["length_a", "Ang", 35, [0, inf], "volume",
209               "Shorter side of the parallelepiped"],
210              ["length_b", "Ang", 75, [0, inf], "volume",
211               "Second side of the parallelepiped"],
212              ["length_c", "Ang", 400, [0, inf], "volume",
213               "Larger side of the parallelepiped"],
214              ["thick_rim_a", "Ang", 10, [0, inf], "volume",
215               "Thickness of A rim"],
216              ["thick_rim_b", "Ang", 10, [0, inf], "volume",
217               "Thickness of B rim"],
218              ["thick_rim_c", "Ang", 10, [0, inf], "volume",
219               "Thickness of C rim"],
220              ["theta", "degrees", 0, [-360, 360], "orientation",
221               "c axis to beam angle"],
222              ["phi", "degrees", 0, [-360, 360], "orientation",
224              ["psi", "degrees", 0, [-360, 360], "orientation",
226             ]
227
228source = ["lib/gauss76.c", "core_shell_parallelepiped.c"]
229have_Fq = True
231    "equivalent cylinder excluded volume",
232    "equivalent volume sphere",
233    "half outer length_a", "half outer length_b", "half outer length_c",
234    "equivalent circular cross-section",
235    "half outer ab diagonal", "half outer diagonal",
236    ]
237
238def random():
239    """Return a random parameter set for the model."""
240    outer = 10**np.random.uniform(1, 4.7, size=3)
241    thick = np.random.beta(0.5, 0.5, size=3)*(outer-2) + 1
242    length = outer - thick
243    pars = dict(
244        length_a=length[0],
245        length_b=length[1],
246        length_c=length[2],
247        thick_rim_a=thick[0],
248        thick_rim_b=thick[1],
249        thick_rim_c=thick[2],
250    )
251    return pars
252
253# parameters for demo
254demo = dict(scale=1, background=0.0,
255            sld_core=1, sld_a=2, sld_b=4, sld_c=2, sld_solvent=6,
256            length_a=35, length_b=75, length_c=400,
257            thick_rim_a=10, thick_rim_b=10, thick_rim_c=10,
258            theta=0, phi=0, psi=0,
259            length_a_pd=0.1, length_a_pd_n=1,
260            length_b_pd=0.1, length_b_pd_n=1,
261            length_c_pd=0.1, length_c_pd_n=1,
262            thick_rim_a_pd=0.1, thick_rim_a_pd_n=1,
263            thick_rim_b_pd=0.1, thick_rim_b_pd_n=1,
264            thick_rim_c_pd=0.1, thick_rim_c_pd_n=1,
265            theta_pd=10, theta_pd_n=1,
266            phi_pd=10, phi_pd_n=1,
267            psi_pd=10, psi_pd_n=1)
268
269# rkh 7/4/17 add random unit test for 2d, note make all params different,
270# 2d values not tested against other codes or models
271if 0:  # pak: model rewrite; need to update tests
272    qx, qy = 0.2 * np.cos(np.pi/6.), 0.2 * np.sin(np.pi/6.)
273    tests = [[{}, 0.2, 0.533149288477],
274             [{}, [0.2], [0.533149288477]],
275             [{'theta':10.0, 'phi':20.0}, (qx, qy), 0.0853299803222],
276             [{'theta':10.0, 'phi':20.0}, [(qx, qy)], [0.0853299803222]],
277            ]
278    del qx, qy  # not necessary to delete, but cleaner
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